Estimating Water Budgets and Vertical Leakages for Karst Lakes in North‐Central Florida (United States) Via Hydrological Modeling1

Lin, Zhulu, 2011. Estimating Water Budgets and Vertical Leakages for Karst Lakes in North‐Central Florida (United States) Via Hydrological Modeling. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 1‐16. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2010.00513.x Abstract: Newnans, Lochloosa, and Orange Lakes are closely hydrologically connected karst lakes located in north‐central Florida, United States. The complex karst hydrology in this region poses a great challenge to the hydrological modeling that is essential to the development of Total Maximum Daily Loads for these lakes. We used a Hydrological Simulation Program – Fortran model coupled with the parallel Parameter ESTimation model calibration and uncertainty analysis software to estimate effectively the hydrological interactions between the lakes and the underlying upper Floridan aquifer and the water budgets for these three lakes. The net results of the lake‐groundwater interactions in Newnans and Orange Lakes are that both lakes recharge the underlying upper Floridan aquifer, with the recharge rate of the latter one magnitude greater than that of the former. However, for Lochloosa Lake, the net lake‐groundwater interaction is that the lake gains water from groundwater in a significant amount, approximately 40% of its total terrestrial water input. The annual average vertical leakages estimated for Newnans, Lochloosa, and Orange Lakes are 6.0 × 10⁶, ?8.9 × 10⁶, and 44.4 × 10⁶ m³, respectively. The average vertical hydraulic conductance (K_v/b) of the units between a lake bottom and the underlying upper Floridan aquifer in this region are also estimated to be from 1.26 × 10^?4 to 1.01 × 10^?3 day^?1.     

山区乡镇湖库型水源保护与经济发展模式研究

在促进山区乡镇经济发展的同时,如何保护好大型湖库水源地是当地政府部门十分关注的问题.在对广东省万绿湖、湖南省东江湖和四川省升钟湖案例研究的基础上,提出保护水源以分级控制为主、经济发展以生态旅游为主、人口流动以有序迁移为主的发展保护模式.同时,以引导性发展为区域先行,环境保护规划、人口流动规划和地区经济发展规划的同时编制、同时实施、同时评估.该模式可为我国受到湖库型饮用水源大面积保护区范围影响下的山区乡镇环境经济协调发展提供一条合适的道路.     

淀山湖沉水植物——苦草群落恢复影响因子研究

在淀山湖0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0 m水层进行苦草(Vallisneria natans)现场生长实验,试图找出淀山湖苦草植被恢复的适宜环境条件。试验期间每天测量光照强度和水体溶解氧等环境因子,每隔10 d监测苦草的根长、株高、鲜重等生长指标的变化情况。结果表明:水深对苦草的生长具较显著影响,光照强度、溶氧分别和苦草日相对生长率具显著相关性;苦草的株高、叶片数、根长等生物学生长指标在0.5、1.0 m水层生长良好,1.5 m与2.0 m均出现不同程度的负增长状况。光照强度与苦草日相对生长率之间具有显著相关性(r=0.905),0.5、1.0 m水层的光照强度下苦草的相对生长率分别为0.14和0.11,而1.5、2.0 m水层的光照强度下苦草出现负增长的情况。水中的溶解氧含量与苦草成活率之间具有显著相关性(r=0.935)。随着水深的增加,溶氧逐渐降低,苦草的成活率也逐渐下降。在2.0 m水层处,溶氧均值为2.76 mg.L-1,苦草的成活率为46.5%,在1.0 m水层处,溶氧为5.66 mg.L-1,苦草成活率为86.5%,因此,淀山湖苦草群落恢复宜先在1.0 m以浅的沿岸带开展。     

江汉湖群典型湖泊生态系统健康评价——以梁子湖、洪湖、长湖、斧头湖、武湖为例

湖泊生态系统健康评价对湖泊生态健康状况评定、环境问题诊断和湖泊生态系统管理具有重要意义.根据江汉湖群实际情况和生态特点,选取江汉湖群五大湖泊—梁子湖、长湖、洪湖、斧头湖和武湖为研究对象,采用野外调查、资料收集并结合GIS技术的研究方法,从生物、水质、生境特征及生态压力4个方面选择15个代表性评价指标,构建江汉湖群典型湖泊生态系统健康评价指标体系,并利用基于模糊综合评价模型的评价方法,对江汉湖群五大湖泊生态系统健康进行评价.结果表明,江汉湖群五大湖泊生态健康综合评价得分值为5.47~7.46,梁子湖得分最高,其余依次为斧头湖、洪湖、长湖和武湖.从湖泊生态系统健康等级看,五大湖泊中梁子湖和斧头湖处于比较健康状态,而洪湖、长湖和武湖处于亚健康状态.通过实例分析表明,本研究建立的湖泊生态系统健康评价方法能够较客观系统地评价江汉湖群生态系统健康状况,具有较高的可行性和可靠性,可作为江汉湖群健康诊断的评价方法.本文研究结果可为江汉湖群的分类管理提供较为重要的参考依据.     

大庆市草原和湖泊生态保护建设研究

通过对大庆草甸草原和湖泊湿地发生发展自然生态过程的分析,以大庆生态环境的整体性特征为基础,提出草甸草原是大庆生态环境的基础,湖泊湿地是大庆生态环境的特色.以保护和恢复为主巩固草原生态基础地位,以生态重建为主突出湖泊湿地特色.对生态功能正常发挥的草原,以生态保护为主,对生态功能退化草原,以生态恢复为主.对油田生产区的草原,重视生态功能和景观效应.以生态重建为主突出湖泊湿地特色,通过地表水结构的调整增加生态系统的活力和生态服务功能.草甸草原和湖泊湿地的保护与利用要扬长补短、协同并进.     

秦皇岛地热能梯级利用状况与前景分析

在对秦皇岛地热能资源现状和开发利用调查的基础上,对秦皇岛地区的地热资源分布特征进行了分类,通过对相应的地热资源利用现状进行调查,掌握了地热能利用的现状以及存在的种种问题和不足。为了更加合理高效地利用地热能资源,进行开发利用前景分析,制定了地热能综合梯级利用的规划建议。     

Ra–Po–Pb isotope systematics in waters of Sambhar Salt Lake,Rajasthan (India): geochemical characterization and particulate reactivity

The Sambhar Salt Lake hydrological system, including river waters, groundwaters, evaporating pans and sub-surface brines, has been analyzed for the salt content (TDS) and naturally occurring radionuclides (²¹⁰Po, ²¹⁰Pb and ^226,228Ra). The abundance of these radionuclides and their activity ratios show a wide variation in different hydrological regimes, which helps to geochemically characterize the lake system. A significantly lower Ra to total dissolved solids (TDS) ratio in the brines (by two to three orders of magnitude), when compared to the groundwaters and river waters, suggests removal of dissolved Ra by co-precipitation with Ca–Mg minerals at an early stage of the brine evolution. The concentration of Ra in evaporating lake/pan waters saturates at a value of about 35 Bq L⁻¹ over the salinity range of 100–370 g L⁻¹; attributable to its equilibration with the clay minerals. The two distinct regimes, saline lake system (lake water, evaporating pans and sub-surface brines) and groundwaters have been identified based on their differences in the distribution of ^226,228Ra isotopes. This observation points to the conclusion that the groundwaters and the lake brines are not intimately coupled in terms of their origin and evolution. The abundances of ²¹⁰Po and ²¹⁰Pb along with their activity ratios (²¹⁰Po/²¹⁰Pb) are markedly different among the surface lake waters/evaporating pans, sub-surface lake brines and groundwaters. These differences are explained in terms of different geochemical behaviour of these nuclides in presence of algae and organic matter present in these water regimes.     

利用中巴地球资源卫星数据反演武汉市湖泊营养状态指数

以武汉市主要湖泊为例，研究了利用中巴地球资源卫星（CBERS2）数据反演水体营养状态指数（TLI）。研究旨在评估利用中巴地球资源卫星数据来估算内陆水体富营养化程度的可能性。首先利用地面水质监测数据计算武汉市某些湖泊监测点的“真实的”营养状态指数（包括综合营养状态指数和修正的Carlson营养状态指数），同时，在事先经过辐射校正和几何校正的CBERS2图像上，以9×9像元为采样窗口，提取各个对应地点的灰度值均值（从波段1至波段4）；然后，采用多元逐步回归分析，以各波段灰度值均值为自变量，建立营养状态指数经验遥感反演模型；最后，利用模型对整个湖泊水体的营养化状态指数进行反演，并绘制了其空间分布图。 结果显示，营养状态指数的自然对数值与CBERS2图像各波段灰度值之间存在较好相关关系，回归系数平方值(R²)为0.51。利用反演模型反演得到的湖区水质分布与实际情况基本相符。由于CBERS2图像数据可以从我国许多数据分发中心免费获取，这为低成本的水质遥感监测提供了一条途径。     

玄武湖挺水植物区与敞水区浮游甲壳动物昼夜水平迁移初探

浮游甲壳动物昼夜垂直迁移(DVM)是深水湖泊中的一种常见的现象，在浅水湖泊中，没有明显的下层滞水层为浮游甲壳动物提供避护所，浮游甲壳动物的垂直迁移活动不明显。但浅水湖泊挺水植物的存在为浮游甲壳动物提供了区别于敞水带的生境，结合理化、浮游植物和鱼的因素，对浅水湖泊玄武湖挺水植物区与敞水区浮游甲壳动物的昼夜水平迁移进行了研究。结果得出：浅水湖泊玄武湖中理化环境（如温度、溶解氧和pH)在荷花区、敞水区、荷花区与敞水区的交界区差异不大，对浮游甲壳动物的昼夜水平迁移不起主导作用。荷花区的浮游植物在质量和数量上低于敞水区，浮游甲壳动物在夜间捕食压力小的情况下会向敞水区移动。敞水区、交界区浮游甲壳动物在白天被捕食的风险要大于荷花区，因而白天时间浮游甲壳动物会迁移到荷花区聚集.